Edward Said
Edward Saïd
|
Edward Wadie Said
|
Full name
| Edward Saïd
|
Born
| November 1, 1935(1935-11-01)
Jerusalem, British Mandate of Palestine
|
Died
| September 25, 2003 (aged 67)
New York City, New York, United States
|
Era
| 20th-century philosophy
|
Region
| Western Philosophy
|
School
| Postcolonialism, Postmodernism
|
Notable ideas
| Orientalism
"The Other"
|
Derrida, Vico, Shakespeare, Hopkins, Gramsci, Adorno, Conrad, Blackmur, Williams, Foucault, Chomsky.
|
Hamid Dabashi, Homi K. Bhabha, John Esposito, Gayatri Spivak, Christopher Hitchens, Robert Fisk, Mahmood Mamdani, Rashid Khalidi, Joseph Massad, Nigel Gibson, Derek Gregory.
|
Edward Wadie Saïd (pronounced
/'edwərd wædiːʕ sæʕiːd/ Arabic:
إدوارد وديع سعيد,
Idwārd Wadīʿ Saʿīd; 1 November 1935 – 25 September 2003) was a
Palestinian American literary theorist,
cultural critic, and advocate for
Palestinian rights. He was
University Professor of English and Comparative Literature at
Columbia University and a founding figure in
postcolonialism.
[1] Robert Fisk described him as the Palestinians' "most powerful political voice."
[2]
Early life
Said was born in
Jerusalem[3] (then in the
British Mandate of Palestine) on November 1, 1935. His father, a US citizen with
Protestant Palestinian origins, was a businessman and had served under
General Pershing in
World War I. He moved to
Cairo in the decade before Edward's birth. His mother was born in
Nazareth, also of Protestant
[4] Christian Palestinian descent.
[5] His sister was the historian and writer
Rosemarie Said Zahlan.
Due to his family's Christian background and his upbringing in predominantly Muslim
Middle Eastern countries, Said once referred to himself as a "
Christian wrapped in a
Muslim culture":
With an unexceptionally Arab family name like Said connected to an improbably British first name (my mother much admired the Prince of Wales in 1935, the year of my birth), I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport and no certain identity at all.[6]
According to his autobiographical memoir,
Out of Place,
[6] Said lived "between worlds" in both
Cairo and
Jerusalem until age 12.
[note 1] He attended the
Anglican St. George's Academy in 1947 in Jerusalem. As the
Arab League declared war on Israel in 1947/
1948, his family moved from the neighborhood of
Talbiya in Jerusalem and returned to Cairo. In a
London Review of Books article Said gave a more detailed account of his upbringing.
I was born in Jerusalem and had spent most of my formative years there and, after 1948, when my entire family became refugees, in Egypt. All my early education had, however, been in élite colonial schools, English public schools designed by the British to bring up a generation of Arabs with natural ties to Britain. The last one I went to before I left the Middle East to go to the United States was Victoria College in Alexandria, a school in effect created to educate those ruling-class Arabs and Levantines who were going to take over after the British left. My contemporaries and classmates included King Hussein of Jordan, several Jordanian, Egyptian, Syrian and Saudi boys who were to become ministers, prime ministers and leading businessmen, as well as such glamorous figures as Michel Shalhoub, head prefect of the school and chief tormentor when I was a relatively junior boy, whom everyone has seen on screen as Omar Sharif.[6]
In 1951, Said was expelled from Victoria College for being a "troublemaker",
[6] and was consequently sent by his parents to
Mount Hermon School, a private college preparatory school in
Massachusetts, where he recalls a "miserable" year of feeling "out of place".
[6] Said later reflected that the decision to send him so far away was heavily influenced by 'the prospects of deracinated people like us being so uncertain that it would be best to send me as far away as possible'.
[6] Despite this dissonance, Said did well at the Massachusetts boarding school often 'achieving the rank of either first or second in a class of about a hundred and sixty'.
[6]
Fluent in
English,
French, and
Arabic,
[7] Said earned a
Bachelor of Arts,
summa cum laude (1957) from
Princeton University and a
Master of Arts (1960) and a Ph.D. (1964) from
Harvard University.
Career
In 1963, Said joined the faculty of
Columbia University, and served as a professor in the departments of English and Comparative Literature until his death in 2003.
[8] In 1974 he was Visiting Professor of Comparative Literature at Harvard, in 1975-6 Fellow of the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Science at Stanford, and in 1977, Said became the Parr Professor of English and
Comparative Literature at Columbia and subsequently became the Old Dominion Foundation Professor in the Humanities. In 1979, Said was Visiting Professor of Humanities at Johns Hopkins University.
[9] Professor Said also taught at
Yale University.
[10] In 1992, he attained the rank of University Professor, Columbia's highest academic position.
Said's writing regularly appeared in
The Nation,
The Guardian, the
London Review of Books,
Le Monde Diplomatique,
Counterpunch,
Al Ahram, and the pan-Arab daily
al-Hayat. He gave interviews alongside fellow political activist, and colleague
Noam Chomsky regarding
US foreign policy for various independent radio programs.
Said also served as president of the
Modern Language Association, editor of the
Arab Studies Quarterly,
[11] and was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the executive board of
PEN, the
American Academy of Arts and Letters, the
Royal Society of Literature, the Council of Foreign Relations,
[12] and the
American Philosophical Society. Said was the recipient of twenty honorary degrees from universities around the world,
[13] as well as of
Harvard University's Bowdoin Prize, the Lionel Trilling Award (twice), the Wellek Prize of the American Comparative Literature Association, and the inaugural Spinoza Lens Award,
[14] among others.
For many years, Said, who was also an accomplished musician and pianist,
[15] wrote a music criticism column for
The Nation.
In 1999, he jointly founded the
West-Eastern Divan Orchestra with the Argentine-Israeli conductor
Daniel Barenboim. The award-winning youth orchestra is made up of musicians from Israel, Palestine, and the surrounding Arab countries, and has performed internationally, including within both Israel and Palestine.
The Barenboim-Said Foundation, based in Seville and financed by the Junta de Andalucía (Regional Government of
Andalusia), which Said and Barenboim had worked together to establish, was officially constituted in 2004. The purpose of the Foundation is to develop several "education through music" projects. In addition to managing the orchestra, the Barenboim-Said Foundation assists with other projects such as the Academy of Orchestral Studies, the Musical Education in Palestine project and the Early Childhood Musical Education Project in
Seville.
[16]
Orientalism
Said is best known for describing and critiquing "
Orientalism", which he perceived as a constellation of false assumptions underlying
Western attitudes toward the
East. In
Orientalism (1978), Said claimed a "subtle and persistent
Eurocentric prejudice against Arabo-Islamic peoples and their culture."
[17] He argued that a long tradition of false and romanticized images of
Asia and the
Middle East in
Western culture had served as an implicit justification for
Europe and the US' colonial and imperial ambitions. Just as fiercely, he denounced the practice of Arab elites who
internalized the US and British orientalists' ideas of
Arabic culture.
In 1980, Said criticized what he regarded as poor understanding of the Arab culture in the West:
Main argument
Said asserts that much western study of Islamic civilization was political intellectualism bent on self-affirmation rather than objective study,
[19] a form of racism, and a tool of
imperialist domination.
[20] Orientalism had an impact on the fields of
literary theory,
cultural studies and
human geography, and to a lesser extent on those of history and oriental studies. Taking his cue from the work of
Jacques Derrida and
Michel Foucault, and from earlier critics of western Orientalism such as
A. L. Tibawi,
[21] Anouar Abdel-Malek,
[22] Maxime Rodinson,
[23] and Richard William Southern,
[24] Said argued that Western writings on the Orient, and the perceptions of the East purveyed in them, are suspect, and cannot be taken at face value. According to Said, the history of European colonial rule and political domination over the East distorts the writings of even the most knowledgeable, well-meaning and sympathetic Western ‘Orientalists’ (a term that he transformed into a pejorative):
“
| I doubt if it is controversial, for example, to say that an Englishman in India or Egypt in the later nineteenth century took an interest in those countries which was never far from their status in his mind as British colonies. To say this may seem quite different from saying that all academic knowledge about India and Egypt is somehow tinged and impressed with, violated by, the gross political fact – and yet that is what I am saying in this study of Orientalism.
| ”
|
—Orientalism 11
|
Said argued that the West had dominated the East for more than 2,000 years, since the composition of
The Persians by
Aeschylus. Europe had dominated Asia politically so completely for so long that even the most outwardly objective Western texts on the East were permeated with a bias that even most Western scholars could not recognize. His contention was not only that the West has conquered the East politically but also that Western scholars have appropriated the exploration and interpretation of the Orient’s languages, history and culture for themselves. They have written Asia’s past and constructed its modern identities from a perspective that takes Europe as the norm, from which the "exotic", "inscrutable" Orient deviates.
Said concludes that Western writings about the Orient depict it as an irrational, weak, feminised "Other", contrasted with the rational, strong, masculine West, a contrast he suggests derives from the need to create "difference" between West and East that can be attributed to immutable "essences" in the Oriental make-up. In 1978, when the book was first published, with memories of the
Yom Kippur war and the
OPEC crisis still fresh, Said argued that these attitudes still permeated the Western media and academia. After stating the central thesis,
Orientalism consists mainly of supporting examples from Western texts.
Criticism
Orientalism and other works by Said have sparked a wide variety of controversy and criticism.
[25] Ernest Gellner argued that Said's contention that the West had dominated the East for more than 2,000 years was unsupportable, noting that until the late 17th century the
Ottoman Empire had posed a serious threat to Europe.
[26] Mark Proudman notes that Said had claimed that the
British Empire extended from Egypt to India in the 1880s, when in fact the Ottoman and
Persian Empires intervened.
[27] Others argued out that even at the height of the imperial era, European power in the East was never absolute, and remained heavily dependent on local collaborators, who were frequently subversive of imperial aims.
[28] Another criticism is that the areas of the Middle East on which Said had concentrated, including Palestine and Egypt, were poor examples for his theory, as they came under direct European control only for a relatively short period in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These critics suggested that Said devoted much less attention to more apt examples, including the
British Raj in India, and Russia’s dominions in Asia, because Said was more interested in making political points about the Middle East.
[29]
Strong criticism of Said's critique of
Orientalism has come from academic Orientalists, including some of Eastern backgrounds.
Albert Hourani,
Robert Graham Irwin,
Nikki Keddie,
Bernard Lewis,
[30] and
Kanan Makiya address what Keddie retrospectively calls "some unfortunate consequences" of Said's
Orientalism on the perception and status of their scholarship.
[note 2] Bernard Lewis in particular was often at odds with Said following the publication of
Orientalism, in which Said singled out Lewis as a "perfect exemplification" of an "Establishment Orientalist" whose work "purports to be objective liberal scholarship but is in reality very close to being propaganda
against his subject material".
[31] Lewis answered with several essays in response, and was joined by other scholars, such as
Maxime Rodinson,
Jacques Berque,
Malcolm Kerr,
Aijaz Ahmad, and
William Montgomery Watt, who also regarded
Orientalism as a deeply flawed account of Western scholarship.
[32]
Some of Said's academic critics argue that Said made no attempt to distinguish between writers of very different types: such as on the one hand the poet
Goethe (who never travelled in the East), the novelist
Flaubert (who briefly toured
Egypt),
Ernest Renan (whose work is widely regarded as tainted by racism), and on the other scholars such as
Edward William Lane who was fluent in
Arabic. According to these critics, their common European origins and attitudes overrode such considerations in Said's mind; Said constructed a stereotype of Europeans.
[33] Irwin writes that Said ignored the domination of 19th century Oriental studies by
Germans and
Hungarians, from countries that did not possess an Eastern empire.
[34]
Such critics accuse Said of creating a monolithic ‘
Occidentalism’ to oppose to the ‘Orientalism’ of Western discourse, arguing that he failed to distinguish between the paradigms of
Romanticism and the
Enlightenment; that he ignored the widespread and fundamental differences of opinion among western scholars of the Orient; that he failed to acknowledge that many Orientalists (such as
William Jones) were more concerned with establishing kinship between East and West than with creating "difference", and who had often made discoveries that would provide the foundations for anti-colonial nationalism.
[35] More generally, critics argue that Said and his followers fail to distinguish between Orientalism in the media and popular culture (for instance the portrayal of the Orient in such films as
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom) and academic studies of Oriental languages, literature, history and culture by Western scholars (whom, it is argued, they tar with the same brush).
[36]
Said's critics argue that by making ethnicity and cultural background the test of authority and objectivity in studying the Orient, Said drew attention to the question of his own identity as a Palestinian and as a "
Subaltern". Given Said's largely Anglophone upbringing and education at an elite school in Cairo, the fact that he spent most of his adult life in the United States, and his prominent position in American
academia, his own arguments that "any and all representations … are embedded first in the language and then in the culture, institutions and political ambience of the representer … [and are] interwoven with a great many other things besides the 'truth', which is itself a representation"
[37] could be said to disenfranchise him from writing about the Orient himself. Hence these critics claim that the excessive relativism of Said and his followers trap them in a "web of
solipsism",
[38] unable to talk of anything but "representations", and denying the existence of
any objective truth.
Supporters and influence
Said’s supporters argue that such criticisms, even if correct, do not invalidate his basic thesis, which they say still holds true for the 19th and 20th centuries and in particular for general representations of the Orient in Western media, literature and film.
[39] His supporters point out that Said himself acknowledges limitations of his study's failing to address German scholarship
[40] and that, in the "Afterword" to the 1995 edition of
Orientalism, he, in their view, convincingly refutes his critics, such as Lewis.
[41] Orientalism is regarded as central to the postcolonial movement, encouraging scholars "from non-western countries...to take advantage of the mood of political correctness it helped to engender by associating themselves with 'narratives of oppression,' creating successful careers out of transmitting, interpreting and debating representations of the non-western 'other.'"
[42]
Said's continuing importance in the fields of literary criticism and cultural studies is represented by his influence on scholars studying India, such as
Gyan Prakash,
[43] Nicholas Dirks,
[44] and
Ronald Inden,
[45] and literary theorists such as
Hamid Dabashi,
Homi Bhabha[46] and
Gayatri Spivak.
[47] His work continues to be widely discussed in academic seminars, disciplinary conferences, and scholarship.
[48]
Both supporters and critics of Edward Said acknowledge the profound, transformative influence that his book
Orientalism has had across the spectrum of the humanities. But whereas his critics regret his influence as limiting, his supporters praise his influence as liberating.
[49] Postcolonial theory, of which Said is regarded as a founder and a figure of continual relevance,
[1] continues to attract interest and is a thriving field in the humanities.
[50] Orientalism continues to profoundly inform the field of
Middle Eastern studies.
[48] He was a prominent public intellectual in the United States, praised widely as an "intellectual superstar," engaging in
music criticism, public lectures,
media punditry, contemporary politics, and musical performance.
[42] His breadth of influence is regarded as "genuinely global," resting on his unique and innovative blend of
cultural criticism, politics, and literary theory.
[48]
Criticism of US foreign policy
In a 1997 revised edition of his book
Covering Islam, Said criticized what he viewed as the biased reporting of the Western press and, in particular, media “speculations about the latest conspiracy to blow up buildings, sabotage commercial airliners, and poison water supplies.”
[51]
Said opposed many US foreign policy endeavors in the Middle East. During an April 2003 interview with
Al-Ahram Weekly, Said argued that the Iraq war was ill-conceived:
“
| My strong opinion, though I don't have any proof in the classical sense of the word, is that they want to change the entire Middle East and the Arab world, perhaps terminate some countries, destroy the so-called terrorist groups they dislike and install regimes friendly to the United States. I think this is a dream that has very little basis in reality. The knowledge they have of the Middle East, to judge from the people who advise them, is to say the least out of date and widely speculative.... I don't think the planning for the post-Saddam, post-war period in Iraq is very sophisticated, and there's very little of it. US Undersecretary of State Marc Grossman and US Undersecretary of Defense Douglas Feith testified in Congress about a month ago and seemed to have no figures and no ideas what structures they were going to deploy; they had no idea about the use of institutions that exist, although they want to de-Ba'thise the higher echelons and keep the rest.
The same is true about their views of the army. They certainly have no use for the Iraqi opposition that they've been spending many millions of dollars on. And to the best of my ability to judge, they are going to improvise. Of course the model is Afghanistan. I think they hope that the UN will come in and do something, but given the recent French and Russian positions I doubt that that will happen with such simplicity.[52]
| ”
|
Pro-Palestinian activism
Throughout his adult life, Said involved himself in the struggle on behalf of the rights of
Palestinians. From 1977 until 1991, he was an independent member of the
Palestinian National Council.
[53]
Said was an early proponent of a
two-state solution and, in 1988, voted for the establishment of the
State of Palestine at a
Palestinian National Council meeting in
Algiers. In 1991, he quit the PNC in protest over the process leading up to the signing of the
Oslo Accords, feeling that the terms of the accord were unacceptable and had been rejected by the
Madrid round negotiators. He felt that Oslo would not lead to a truly independent state and was inferior to a plan
Yasir Arafat had rejected when Said himself presented it to Arafat on behalf of the
US government in the late 1970s. In particular, he wrote that Arafat had sold short the right of Palestinian
refugees to return to their homes in
pre-1967 Israel and ignored the growing presence of
Israeli settlements. Said's relationship with the
Palestinian Authority was once so bad that PA leaders banned the sale of his books in August 1995, but improved when he hailed Arafat for rejecting
Ehud Barak's offers at the
Camp David 2000 Summit.
In an article entitled
Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims, he argued that both the Zionist claim to a land - and, more importantly, the Zionist claim that the Jewish people needed a homeland - and Palestinian rights of self-determination held legitimacy and authenticity. Said's books on the issue of Israel and Palestine include
The Question of Palestine (1979),
The Politics of Dispossession (1994) and
The End of the Peace Process (2000).
“
| [I]n all my works I remained fundamentally critical of a gloating and uncritical nationalism.... My view of Palestine ... remains the same today: I expressed all sorts of reservations about the insouciant nativism and militant militarism of the nationalist consensus; I suggested instead a critical look at the Arab environment, Palestinian history, and the Israeli realities, with the explicit conclusion that only a negotiated settlement between the two communities of suffering, Arab and Jewish, would provide respite from the unending war.[54]
| ”
|
Edward Said throwing a stone across the Lebanon-Israel border.
A photograph taken on July 3, 2000, of Said in South Lebanon throwing a stone across the
Lebanon-Israel border drew criticism from some political and media commentators, some of whom decried the act as "terrorist sympathizing."
[55]. Said explained the act as a stone-throwing contest with his son, and called it a
symbolic gesture of joy at the end of Israel's occupation of Lebanon. "It was a pebble. There was nobody there. The guardhouse was at least half a mile away."
[56] Although he denied aiming the rock at anyone, an eyewitness account in the Lebanese newspaper
As-Safir asserted that Said had been less than 30 feet (9.1 m) from Israeli soldiers manning a two-story
watchtower when he aimed the rock over the border fence, though it instead hit barbed-wire.
[57]
While the photo provoked criticism from some
Columbia University faculty members, some students, and from the
Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, the Columbia provost issued a five-page letter defending Said's act on the grounds of
freedom of expression:
To my knowledge, the stone was directed at no one; no law was broken; no indictment was made; no criminal or civil action has been taken against Professor Said."[58]
Said noted that there were repercussions, however, giving for an example when, in February of 2001, the Freud Society of Vienna cancelled an invitation for him to give a lecture.
[59] The president cited as the Society's reason "the political situation in the Middle East and its consequences," going on to explain that anti-Semitism "has become more dangerous" in Austrian politics and that the Society had decided on the cancellation "to avoid an internal clash."
[60]
In
Culture and Resistance (2003), Said likened his situation to that of
Noam Chomsky: "It's very similar to him. He's a well known, great linguist. He's been celebrated and honored for that. But he's also vilified as an anti-Semite and a Hitler worshiper." Said went on to explain:
"For anyone to deny the horrendous experience of anti-Semitism and the Holocaust is unacceptable. We don't want anybody's history of suffering to go unrecorded and unacknowledged. On the other hand, there's a great difference between acknowledging Jewish oppression and using that as a cover for the oppression of another people."[61]
In 2003, Said, along with
Haidar Abdel-Shafi, Ibrahim Dakak, and
Mustafa Barghouti, helped establish the
Palestinian National Initiative, or
Al-Mubadara, an attempt to build a third force in Palestinian politics, a democratic, reformist alternative to
Fatah and
Hamas.
In January 2006, anthropologist David Price obtained 147 pages of Said's 238-page
FBI file through a
Freedom of Information Act request. The records reveal that Said was under FBI surveillance as early as 1971. No records were available on the last dozen years of his life.
[62]
Death and tributes
Edward Said died at age 67 in the early morning of September 25, 2003, in
New York City, after a decade-long battle with
chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
[63] He was survived by his wife, Mariam (Cortas); a son, Wadie, and a daughter, Najla.
[64]
Subsequently, several prominent writers published elegies for Said, including
Alexander Cockburn[65],
Christopher Hitchens,
[66] Tony Judt,
[67] and
Tariq Ali.
[68]
In November 2004,
Birzeit University renamed its music school as the
Edward Said National Conservatory of Music in Said's honor.
[69]
In 2008, Verso Books published
Waiting for the Barbarians: A Tribute to Edward W. Said, a book of essays by 15 authors, including
Akeel Bilgrami,
Rashid Khalidi and
Elias Khoury. The book was edited by Müge Gürsoy Sökmen and Bașak Ertür.
Edward Said Memorial Lectures
Since Said's death in 2003, several institutions have instituted annual lecture series in his memory.
Columbia University:
University of Warwick:
Princeton University:
- 2004 Mustafa Barghouti: Prospects for Peace: The Vital Role of Civil Society in Bringing Democracy, Justice, and Prosperity to Palestine and Israel[80]
- 2005 Judith Butler: Forgotten Histories of Post-Zionism: Universalism, Judaism, and the Messianic[81]
- 2006 Azmi Bishara: War, Occupation and Democracy: US Strategy in the Middle East[82]
- 2007 Tanya Reinhart: The Spirit of Struggle[83]
- 2008 Karen AbuZayd: Palestine Refugees: Exile, Isolation and Prospects[84]
- 2009 Amira Hass: One Occupation, Two Governments:The Onslaught On Gaza And The Palestinian Internal Rift[85]
University of Adelaide:
American University of Cairo:
- 2005 David Damrosch: Secular Criticism Meets the World: The Challenge of World Literature Today[91]
- 2006 Barbara Harlow: Resistance literature revisited: From Basra to Guantànamo[92]
- 2007 Cornell West: The Vocation of a Democratic Individual[93]
- 2008 Terry Eagleton: Terror and Tragedy[94]
- 2009 Rokus de Groot: Contrapuntal Intellectual: Edward Said and Music[95]
Palestine Center:
Bibliography
Publications
|
Year
| Book
| Notes
| Publisher
|
1966
| Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography
|
| Harvard University Press. Republished by Columbia University Press in 2007, ISBN 0-231-14004-5
|
1973
| The Arabs Today: Alternatives for Tomorrow
| Essays presented at the fourth annual convention of the Association of Arab-American University Graduates, Boston, 1971. Edited by Said and Fuad Suleiman.
| Forum Associates (Columbus, Ohio)
|
1975
| Beginnings: Intention and Method
|
| Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-00580-2. Reprinted by Johns Hopkins University Press in 1978, ISBN 0-801-82085-5. New edition published by Columbia University Press in 1985, ISBN 0-231-05937-X
|
1978
| Orientalism
|
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-42814-5. Republished by Vintage Books in 1979, ISBN 0-394-74067-X. 25th Anniversary Edition published by Penguin Classics in 2003, with 1995 afterword, ISBN 0-141-18742-5
|
1979
| The Question of Palestine
|
| Times Books, ISBN 0-812-90832-5. Republished by Vintage Books in 1980, ISBN 0-394-74527-2. Republished, with a new introduction and epilogue, by Vintage Books in 1992, ISBN 0-679-73988-2
|
1980
| Literature and Society
| Edited, with preface, by Said
| Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-801-82294-7
|
The Middle East: What Chances For Peace?
| Edited by François Sauzey. Contributions by Joseph J. Sisco, Shlomo Avineri, Said, Saburo Okita, Udo Steinbach, William Scranton, Abdel Hamid Abdel-Ghani and H.R.H. Prince Saud al-Faisal
| Issue number 24 of the Trialogue series. Published by the Trilateral Commission OCLC 271040449 [3]
|
1981
| Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World
|
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-50923-4, ISBN 0-394-74808-5 (paperback). Revised edition published by Vintage Books in 1997, ISBN 0-679-75890-9
|
1983
| The World, the Text, and the Critic
|
| Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-96186-2
|
1986
| After the Last Sky: Palestinian Lives
| With photographs by Jean Mohr.
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-54413-7, ISBN 0-394-74469-1 (paperback). Faber and Faber, ISBN 0-571-13683-4. Republished by Columbia University Press in 1999, ISBN 0-231-11449-4 (paperback)
|
1987
| Criticism in Society
| Interviews with Jacques Derrida, Northrop Frye, Harold Bloom, Geoffrey Hartman, Frank Kermode, Said, Barbara Johnson, Frank Lentricchia, and J. Hillis Miller. Compiled by Imre Salusinszky.
| Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0416922708
|
1988
| Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question
| Edited by Said and Christopher Hitchens
| Verso Books, ISBN 0-860-91175-6, ISBN 0-860-91887-4 (paperback)
|
Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature: Yeats and Decolonization
|
| Field Day (Derry, Northern Ireland), ISBN 0-946-75516-7
|
1989
| Kim by Rudyard Kipling
| Edited with an introduction and notes by Said
| Penguin Books, ISBN 0-140-18352-3
|
1990
| Nationalism, Colonialism, and Literature
| Reprint of Said's "Yeats and decolonization" with essays by Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, and an introduction by Seamus Deane
| University of Minnesota Press, ISBN 0-816-61862-3, ISBN 0-816-61863-1 (paperback)
|
1991
| Musical Elaborations
|
| Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-07318-6
|
1993
| Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabartî's Chronicle of the First Seven Months of the French Occupation, 1798 translated by Smuel Moreh
| Includes "The scope of orientalism" by Said
| M. Wiener Publishers (Princeton, New Jersey), ISBN 1-558-76069-5, ISBN 1-558-76070-9 (paperback)
|
Culture and Imperialism
|
| Knopf, distributed by Random House, ISBN 0-394-58738-3. Republished by Vintage Books in 1994, ISBN 0-679-75054-1
|
Edward Said: A Critical Reader
| Edited by Michael Sprinker
| Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 1-557-86229-X
|
1994
| The Pen and the Sword: Conversations with David Barsamian
|
| Common Courage Press (Monroe, Maine), ISBN 1-567-51031-0, ISBN 1-567-51030-2 (paperback)
|
The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination, 1969-1994
|
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-679-43057-1
|
Representations of the Intellectual: The 1993 Reith lectures
|
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-679-43586-7
|
1995
| Peace and Its Discontents: Essays on Palestine in the Middle East Peace Process
| Preface by Christopher Hitchens
| Vintage Books, ISBN 0-679-76725-8
|
1999
| Acts of Aggression: Policing Rogue States
| Collection by Noam Chomsky, Said and Ramsey Clark
| Seven Stories Press and Turnaround Publisher Services (London), ISBN 1-583-22005-4
|
Out of Place: A Memoir
| Winner of the 1999 New Yorker Prize for non-fiction.[98]
| Knopf, ISBN 0-394-58739-1
|
Complete Stories, 1884-1891 by Henry James
| Edited by Said
| Library of America, ISBN 1-883-01164-7
|
2000
| Mona Hatoum: The Entire World as a Foreign Land
| Essays by Said and Sheena Wagstaff
| Tate Gallery Publishing (London, England), ISBN 1-854-37326-9
|
The Edward Said Reader
| Edited by Moustafa Bayoumi and Andrew Rubin
| Vintage Books, ISBN 0-375-70936-3
|
The End of the Peace Process: Oslo and After
|
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-375-40930-0. Republished by Vintage Books in 2001, ISBN 0-375-72574-1
|
Reflections on Exile and Other Essays
|
| Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-00302-0
|
2001
| Power, Politics, and Culture: Interviews with Edward W. Said
| Edited and with an introduction by Gauri Viswanathan
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-375-42107-6
|
2002
| Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society
| By Daniel Barenboim and Said. Edited, with a preface, by Ara Guzelimian.
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-375-42106-8. Republished by Vintage Books in 2004, ISBN 1-400-07515-7
|
Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years by Israël Shahak
| Foreword to the second printing by Said
| Pluto Press, ISBN 0-745-30818-X
|
CIA et Jihad, 1950-2001: contre l'URSS, une désastreuse alliance by John K. Cooley
| Preface by Said
| Autrement (Paris), ISBN 2-746-70188-X
|
2003
| Culture and Resistance: Conversations With Edward W. Said
| Interviews with Said by David Barsamian
| South End Press, ISBN 0-896-08671-2, ISBN 0-896-08670-4 (paperback)
|
Freud and the Non-European
| With an introduction by Christopher Bollas and a response by Jacqueline Rose.
| Verso Books, ISBN 1-859-84500-2
|
2004
| From Oslo to Iraq and the Road Map
| Foreword by Tony Judt, afterword by Wadie E. Said.
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-375-42287-0
|
Humanism and Democratic Criticism. http://books.google.com/books?id=i9UalVoa5_YC&dq.
|
| Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-12264-0
|
Interviews With Edward W. Said
| Edited by Amritjit Singh and Bruce G. Johnson.
| University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 1-578-06365-5, ISBN 1-578-06366-3 (paperback)
|
2005
| Edward Said: Continuing the Conversation
| Edited by Homi Bhabha and W.J.T. Mitchell
| University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-53201-1, ISBN 0-226-53203-8 (paperback)
|
2006
| Paradoxical Citizenship: Edward Said
| Edited by Silvia Nagy-Zekmi
| Lexington Books, ISBN 0-739-10988-5, ISBN 0-739-10988-X
|
On Late Style: Music and Literature Against the Grain
| Foreword by Mariam C. Said, introduction by Michael Wood
| Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-375-42105-X
|
Lectures and interviews
See also
Further reading
- Andrew N. Rubin, ed., Humanism, Freedom, and the Critic: Edward W. Said and After. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2005.
Notes
- ^ One critic, Justus Weiner, asserted that Said's formative years were spent in Egypt where his family's business was located, and that Said "probably" did not attend St. George's Academy in Jerusalem, except briefly. Weiner said that cast doubt on Said's qualification to contribute to the debate over the dispossession of Arabs before Israel's founding in 1948. [1] Three journalists and one historian wrote that Weiner's claims are false. Alexander Cockburn and Jeffrey St. Clair of Counterpunch interviewed Haig Boyadjian, who reported telling Weiner that he had been Said's classmate at St. George's, a fact Weiner omitted mentioning.Qtd. in "Commentary: 'Scholar' Deliberately Falsified Record in Attack on Said," Counterpunch September 1, 1999, accessed February 10, 2006. In The Nation, Christopher Hitchens wrote that schoolmates and teachers confirmed Said's stay at St. George's, and quoted Said stating, in 1992, that he had spent much of his youth in Cairo. http://www.thenation.com/doc/19990920/hitchens , http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/1999/aug/23/israel Amos Elon, biographer of the founders of Israel, wrote in The New York Review of Books that Weiner failed to disprove that, in the winter of 1947–48, Said "and his family sought refuge from the war outside Palestine, as did hundreds of thousands of other Palestinians at the time. The fact remains that shortly afterward the family's property in Jerusalem was confiscated. Said and his family became political refugees as the result of the Israeli government's refusal to allow them to return to the country of their birth." http://www.nybooks.com/articles/218 In reply, Weiner accused Elon of dishonesty, and Hitchens of making himself "into a poster boy for Palestine." http://www.salon.com/books/log/1999/09/10/weiner/ Said observed that the publishers of Commentary, a conservative magazine, had attacked him in three long articles and that Weiner's was the third in the series. Link to Edward Said's full reply toCommentary on his childhood. Edward Said, "Defamation, Zionist-style," Al-Ahram Weekly August 26 - Sept. 1 1999, accessed February 10, 2006. Weiner said he did not contact Said to ask about the biographical facts of Said's life that Weiner described in print. Said commented that the article about his early life was "undercut by dozens of mistakes of fact." Amritjit Singh, Interviews with Edward W. Said (Conversations With Public Intellectuals Series). (Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2004) 19 & 219. ISBN 1-57806-366-3.
- ^ Martin Kramer in his article, Said’s Splash (Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle Eastern Studies in America, Policy Papers 58 (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001). ISBN 0-944029-49-3), observes that "Fifteen years after publication of Orientalism, the UCLA historian Nikki Keddie, whose work Said had praised in Covering Islam, allowed that Orientalism was 'important and in many ways positive.' But, in an interview published in Approaches to the History of the Middle East (ed. Nancy Elizabeth Gallagher (London: Ithaca Press, 1994) 144-45), Keddie says that she also thought Said's work on Orientalism had had "unfortunate consequences." She continued:
"I think that there has been a tendency in the Middle East field to adopt the word "orientalism" as a generalized swear-word essentially referring to people who take the "wrong" position on the Arab-Israeli dispute or to people who are judged too "conservative". It has nothing to do with whether they are good or not good in their disciplines. So "orientalism" for many people is a word that substitutes for thought and enables people to dismiss certain scholars and their works. I think that is too bad. It may not have been what Edward Said meant at all, but the term has become a kind of slogan."
References
- ^ a b Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West (New York & London: Routledge, 1990). ISBN 0-415-05372-2.
- ^ Robert Fisk, "Why bombing Ashkelon is the most tragic irony", The Independent, 30-12-08, accessed 9-1-08,
- ^ Hughes, Robert (1993-06-21). "Envoy to Two Cultures". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978727,00.html. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ^ Joe Sacco (2001). Palestine. Fantagraphics.
- ^ Amritjit Singh, Interviews With Edward W. Said (Oxford: UP of Mississippi, 2004) 19 & 219. ISBN 1-57806-366-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g 'Between Worlds' Edward Said, London Review of Books May 07 1998, accessed May 2008
- ^ Edward Said, Out of Place, pg. 82-83, Vintage Books, 1999.
- ^ http://www.lajewsforpeace.org/Bibliography.html
- ^ http://www.lajewsforpeace.org/Bibliography.html
- ^ http://www.scribd.com/search?cx=007890693382555206581%3A7fgc6et2hmk&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=UTF-8&c=&ft=&q=%22edward+said%22+%22yale%22&sa=Search
- ^ http://www.lajewsforpeace.org/Bibliography.html
- ^ http://www.lajewsforpeace.org/Bibliography.html
- ^ http://penatlas.org/online/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=16
- ^ http://www.spinozalens.nl/pages/laureaten_en.htm
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516540/Edward-Said
- ^ Barenboim-Said, official website, 11-10-09
- ^ Keith Windschuttle, "Edward Said's "Orientalism revisited," The New Criterion January 17, 1999, accessed January 19, [1999].
- ^ Edward W. Said, "Islam Through Western Eyes," The Nation April 26, 1980, first posted online January 1, 1998, accessed December 5, 2005.
- ^ Said, Edward, Orientalism (Vintage Books: New York, 1979). ISBN 978-0394740676. Pg 12
- ^ Keith Windschuttle, "Edward Said's "Orientalism revisited," The New Criterion January 17, 1999, accessed January 19, 1999.
- ^ A. L. Tibawi, "English-speaking Orientalists: A Critique of Their Approach to Islam and Arab Nationalism", Islamic Quarterly 8 (1964): 25-45
- ^ Anouar Abdel-Malek, "L’orientalisme en crise", Diogène 44 (1963): 109-41
- ^ "Bilan des études mohammadiennes", Revue Historique 465.1 (1963)
- ^ Richard William Southern, Western views of Islam in the Middle Ages (1978; Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1962).
- ^ review of Robert Irwin, Dangerous Knowledge
- ^ Ernest Gellner, "The Mightier Pen? Edward Said and the Double Standards of Inside-out Colonialism", rev. of Culture and Imperialism, by Edward Said, Times Literary Supplement February 19, 1993: 3-4.
- ^ Mark F. Proudman, "Disraeli as an Orientalist: The Polemical Errors of Edward Said," Journal of the Historical Society, 5[4] December 2005, 560
- ^ C.A. Bayly Empire and Information (Delhi, India: Cambridge UP, 1999) 25, 143, 282.
- ^ Robert Irwin For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies (London: Allen Lane, 2006) 159-60, 281-2.
- ^ Bernard Lewis, "The Question of Orientalism", in Islam and the West (London 1993) 99–118; Robert Irwin, For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies (2003; London: Allen Lane, 2006.
- ^ Orientalism, pp. 315
- ^ Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Natures, Literatures (London: Verso, 1992); Malcolm Kerr, rev. of Orientalism, by Edward Said, International Jour. of Middle Eastern Studies 12 (Dec. 1980): 544-47.
- ^ Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism / Ibn Warraq (2007) ISBN 1591024846
- ^ Irwin, For Lust of Knowing 8, 150–166.
- ^ O.P. Kejariwal, The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India’s Past (Delhi: Oxford UP, 1988) ix-xi, 221-233.
- ^ Said, "Afterword" to the 1995 ed. of Orientalism 347, as cited by Irwin, For Lust of Knowing 3–8; cf. Kaizaad Navroze Kotwal, "Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom as Virtual Reality: The Orientalist and Colonial Legacies of Gunga Din," The Film Journal no. 12 (April 2005).
- ^ Orientalism by Said, p. 272
- ^ D.A. Washbrook, "Orients and Occidents: Colonial Discourse Theory and the Historiography of the British Empire", in Historiography, vol. 5 of The Oxford History of the British Empire 607.
- ^ See Terry Eagleton, Rev. of For Lust of Knowing: The Orientalists and Their Enemies, by Robert Irwin (London: Penguin, 2003). ISBN 0-7139-9415-0. New Statesman Bookshop November 1, 2003.
- ^ Orientalism (1978), pp. 18-19
- ^ Orientalism (1978), pp. 329-54
- ^ a b Malise Ruthven, "Obituary: Edward Said", The Guardian, 26 September 2003
- ^ Gyan Prakash, “Writing Post-Orientalist Histories of the Third World: Perspectives from Indian Historiography,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 32.2 (1990): 383-408.
- ^ Nicholas Dirks, Castes of Mind (Princeton: Princeton UP, 2001).
- ^ Ronald Inden, Imagining India (New York: Oxford UP, 1990).
- ^ Homi K. Bhaba, Nation and Narration (New York & London: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1990).
- ^ Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, In Other Worlds: Essays in Cultural Politics (London: Methuen, 1987).
- ^ a b c Stephen Howe, "Dangerous mind?", New Humanist, Vol. 123, November/December 2008
- ^ Andrew N. Rubin, "Techniques of Trouble: Edward Said and the Dialectics of Cultural Philology," The South Atlantic Quarterly, 102.4 (2003): 862-876.
- ^ Emory University, Department of English, Introduction to Postcolonial Studies
- ^ Review of Dangerous Knowledge by Robert Irwin
- ^ Said, Edward."Resources of hope ," Al-Ahram Weekly April 2, 2003, accessed April 26, [2007].
- ^ Malise Ruthven, "Edward Said: Controversial Literary Critic and Bold Advocate of the Palestinian Cause in America," The Guardian September 26, 2003, accessed March 1, 2006.
- ^ Edward Said, "Orientalism, an Afterward." Raritan 14:3 (Winter 1995).
- ^ Julian Vigo, "Edward Said and the Politics of Peace: From Orientalisms to Terrorology," A Journal of Contemporary Thought, (2004): 43-65.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/10/arts/a-stone-s-throw-is-a-freudian-slip.html?scp=1&sq=%22edward+said%22&st=nyt
- ^ http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2000/07/19/edward-said-accused-stoning-south-lebanon
- ^ Karen W. Arenson (October 19, 2000). "Columbia Debates a Professor's 'Gesture'". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/19/nyregion/19COLU.html?ex=1176523200&en=ea585e33b37df5f2&ei=5070.
- ^ Culture and Resistance-Conversations with Edward Said by Edward Said and David Barsamian, South End Press, 2003: pp. 85-86
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/10/arts/a-stone-s-throw-is-a-freudian-slip.html?scp=1&sq=%22edward+said%22&st=nyt
- ^ Culture and Resistance-Conversations with Edward Said by Edward Said and David Barsamian, South End Press, 2003: pp. 85, 178
- ^ David Price, "How the FBI Spied on Edward Said," CounterPunch January 13, 2006, accessed January 15, 2006.
- ^ See Columbia News mourns passing of Edward Said.
- ^ http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2003/09/26/edward_said_critic_scholar_palestinian_advocate_at_67/
- ^ Alexander Cockburn, "A Mighty and Passionate Heart", Counterpunch
- ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Where the Twain Should Have Met" The Atlantic Monthly, September 2003
- ^ Tony Judt, "The Rootless Cosmopolitan", The Nation
- ^ Tariq Ali, "Remembering Edward Said (1935-2003)", The New Left Review
- ^ See Birzeit U.
- ^ http://calendar.columbia.edu/sundial/webapi/get.php?vt=detail&id=1891&con=embedded&br=ais
- ^ http://www.heymancenter.org/Storage/kermode%208x11.pdf
- ^ http://www.heymancenter.org/events.php?name_id=101&year=2007
- ^ http://www.heymancenter.org/events.php?name_id=102&year=2008
- ^ http://www.heymancenter.org/events.php?id=151
- ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/events/edwardsaid/archive/
- ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/events/edwardsaid/archive/
- ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/events/edwardsaid/archive/
- ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/events/edwardsaid/archive/
- ^ http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/events/edwardsaid/archive/
- ^ http://www.princeton.edu/~transreg/Past_news_events.html
- ^ http://www.princeton.edu/~transreg/Past_news_events.html
- ^ http://www.princeton.edu/~transreg/Past_news_events.html
- ^ http://www.princeton.edu/~transreg/Past_news_events.html
- ^ http://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S20/99/12C90/
- ^ http://www.washington-report.org/component/content/article/3096.html
- ^ http://www.adelaide.edu.au/esml/transcripts/2005/
- ^ http://www.adelaide.edu.au/esml/transcripts/2006/
- ^ http://www.adelaide.edu.au/esml/transcripts/2007/
- ^ http://www.adelaide.edu.au/esml/transcripts/2008/
- ^ http://www.adelaide.edu.au/esml/
- ^ http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/769/bo2.htm
- ^ http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2006/819/cu4.htm
- ^ http://www.aucegypt.edu/newsevents/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?eid=131
- ^ http://cairocult.wordpress.com/2008/11/10/eagleton-auc/
- ^ http://www.aucegypt.edu/newsevents/Pages/NewsDetails.aspx?eid=352
- ^ http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/ht/a/GeneratePdfAction/url/h~ttp,!!www*thejerusalemfund*org!h~t!display!ContentDetails!i!2682!pid!897/filename/Palestinians%20and%20Israelis:%20Two.pdf
- ^ http://www.palestinecenterblog.org/2009/10/video-imagining-israel-palestine-peace.html
- ^ [2]
Postingan
