ಪೇಪರ್ ಆಫ್ English British

ENGLISH BRITISH
Modified by Agus rahmansyah

Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I would like to thanks to Allah SWT, the Arrahman and Arrahim that owns every spirit and life, that has always been giving the best and the worst in live, an abundant gift, so I can finish this assignment, and do not forget peace be upon him to Muhammad SAW who has brought us from the darkness to the lightness.
Secondly, thanks very much for all which have helped the writer for finishing this paper, especially for our lecturer, Muklas Abrar, S.S. which has given support and time to writer for finishing this working paper, and also for all our friend in English letter 4 A thanks very much.
In this working paper surely still has any mistaken, as well in writing or in grammars, because of that critics and suggestion from all reader is important for better writing hereinafter.
As the writer we hope this working paper can help for all reader it as well for enrich the knowledge or as reference, especially for all friend in English Literature 4A.



Jambi, April 2008


Writer





CHAPTER I
INTRODUCING
A. Opening
English is an international language, if we want to communicate with foreign people we use English for active communication besides the other international language. As the English student we must know the history of English, because it is very important so that we can more know about English
British English is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere in the Anglophone world. British English encompasses usages of English within Great Britain and Ireland, though in the case of Ireland, there are further distinctions peculiar to Hiberno-English.
There are slight regional variations in formal written English in the United Kingdom (for example, although the words wee and little are interchangeable in some contexts, one is more likely to see wee written by a Scottish or Northern Irish person than by someone from Southern England or Wales). Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described as "British English". The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken and a uniform concept of "British English" is therefore more difficult to apply to the spoken language. According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English (page. 45), "for many people, especially in England (the phrase British English) is tautologies," and it shares "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word British, and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity".






CHAPTER II
THE BODY OF WRITING
ENGLISH BRITISH
A. History
The widespread use of English worldwide is largely attributable to the power of the former British Empire, and this is reflected in the continued use of the language in both its successor (the Commonwealth of Nations) and many other countries. In the days before radio and television, most communication across the English-speaking world was by the written word. This helped to preserve a degree of global uniformity of the written language. However, due to the vast separation distances involved, variations in the spoken language began to arise. This was also aided by émigrés to the empire encountering other, non-British cultures. In some cases, resulting variations in the spoken language have led to these being reflected in minor variations in written language usage, grammar and spellings in other countries.

B. Dialects
Dialects and accents vary not only amongst the nations of Britain, but also within the countries themselves. There are also differences in the English spoken by different socio-economic groups in any particular region.
The major divisions are normally classified as English English (or English as spoken in England, which comprises Southern English dialects, Midlands English dialects and Northern English dialects), Welsh English, Scottish English and the closely related dialects of the Scots language. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. The Scottish and Northern English dialects include many words originally borrowed from Old Norse and a few borrowed from Gaelic.
Following its last major survey of English Dialects (1950–1961), the University of Leeds has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the Arts and Humanities Research Council awarded a grant to a team led by Sally Johnson, Professor of Linguistics and Phonetics at Leeds University to study British regional dialects.
Johnson's team are sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the BBC, in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout the country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analyzed by the Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio

C. Accent
The most common form of English used by the British upper classes is that originating from southeast England (the area around London and the ancient university towns of Oxford and Cambridge). This form of the language is known as the "Received Standard", and its accent is called Received Pronunciation (RP), which is improperly regarded by many people outside Britain as "the British accent". Earlier it was held as better than other accents and referred to as "the King's (or Queen's) English", or even "BBC English", as this was originally the form of English used by radio and television. However, there is now much more tolerance of variation than there was in the past; for several decades other accents have been accepted and are frequently heard, although stereotypes about the BBC persist. English spoken with a mild Scottish accent has a reputation for being especially easy to understand. Moreover, only approximately two percent of Britons speak RP[6], and it has evolved quite markedly over the last 40 years.
Even in the South East there are significantly different accents; the local inner East London accent called Cockney is strikingly different from RP and can be difficult for outsiders to understand.
Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. In London itself, the broad local accent is still changing, partly influenced by Caribbean speech. Londoners speak with a mixture of these accents, depending on neighborhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors.
Since the mass immigration to Northampton shire in the 1940s and its close accent borders, it has become a source of various accent developments. There, nowadays, one finds an accent known locally as the Kettering accent, which is a mixture of many different local accents, including East Midlands, East Anglian, Scottish, and Cockney. This accent is found as far north as Melton Mow bray, and as far south as Bedford. In addition, found in the town of Corby, five miles (8 km) north, one can find Core byte, which unlike the Kettering accent, is largely based on Scottish. This is due to the influx of Scottish steelworkers (steel working being a major industry in the town).
Outside the southeast there are, in England alone, other parts of accents easily distinguished by natives, including:
1. West Country (South West England)
2. East Anglian
3. West Midlands (Black Country, Birmingham)
4. East Midlands
5. Liverpool (Scouse)
6. Manchester and other east Lancashire accents
7. Yorkshire
8. Newcastle (Geordie) and other northeast England accents
Although some of the stronger regional accents may sometimes be difficult for some Anglophones from outside Britain to understand, almost all "British English" accents are mutually intelligible amongst the British themselves, with only occasional difficulty between very diverse accents. However, modern communications and mass media have reduced these differences significantly.

C. Standardization
As with English around the world, the English language as used in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland is governed by convention rather than formal thing, there is no equivalent body to the Academic franchise or the Real Academia Espanola, and the authoritative dictionaries (for example, Oxford English Dictionary, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Chambers Dictionary, Collins Dictionary) record usage rather than prescribe it. In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other strains of English, and neologisms are frequent.
For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the 9th century, the form of language spoken in London and the East Midlands became Standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education within Britain. Largely, modern British spelling was standardized in Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language (1755), although previous writers had also played a significant role in this and much has changed since 1755. Scotland, which underwent parliamentary union with England only in 1707, still has a few independent aspects of standardization, especially within its autonomous legal system.
The form of English taught across Europe is mainly that used in England and the subject is simply called "English"; the European Commission does not specify any specific English in its list of official languages but the English used in the member state The United Kingdom is what is assumed and used.











CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

According to the text we can get the conclusion that the English British have through many process changing since from the 5th century until right now, as well as in Dialect, Accent or Standardization, so the conclusion that is:
 The widespread use of English worldwide is largely attributable to the power of the former British Empire, and this is reflected in the continued use of the language in both its successor (the Commonwealth of Nations) and many other countries
 The most common form of English used by the British upper classes is that originating from southeast England (the area around London and the ancient university towns of Oxford and Cambridge).
 As with English around the world, the English language as used in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland is governed by convention rather than formal thing
 For historical reasons dating back to the rise of London in the 9th century, the form of language spoken in London and the East Midlands became Standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education within Britain.





REFERENCES
Internet
http.//www.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_British. html. on line. April 15th, 2008

ENGLISH

A Few History Of English
History of the English Language
A short history of the origins and development of English
The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders—mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc—from which the words England and English are derived.
Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century.
Old English (450-1100 AD)
The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100.
Middle English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.

Modern English
Early Modern English (1500-1800)
Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.
Late Modern English (1800-Present)
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
Varieties of English
From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English. Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America. In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up, was re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster movies). Spanish also had an influence on American English (and subsequently British English), with words like canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante being examples of Spanish words that entered English through the settlement of the American West. French words (through Louisiana) and West African words (through the slave trade) also influenced American English (and so, to an extent, British English).
Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.


The Germanic Family of Languages

English is a member of the Germanic family of languages. Germanic is a branch of the Indo-European language family.

A brief chronology of English
BC 55 Roman invasion of Britain by Julius Caesar. Local inhabitants speak Celtish
BC 43 Roman invasion and occupation. Beginning of Roman rule of Britain.
436 Roman withdrawal from Britain complete.
449 Settlement of Britain by Germanic invaders begins
450-480 Earliest known Old English inscriptions. Old English
1066 William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades and conquers England.
c1150 Earliest surviving manuscripts in Middle English. Middle English
1348 English replaces Latin as the language of instruction in most schools.
1362 English replaces French as the language of law. English is used in Parliament for the first time.
c1388 Chaucer starts writing The Canterbury Tales.
c1400 The Great Vowel Shift begins.
1476 William Caxton establishes the first English printing press. Early Modern English
1564 Shakespeare is born.
1604 Table Alphabeticall, the first English dictionary, is published.
1607 The first permanent English settlement in the New World (Jamestown) is established.
1616 Shakespeare dies.
1623 Shakespeare's First Folio is published
1702 The first daily English-language newspaper, The Daily Courant, is published in London.
1755 Samuel Johnson publishes his English dictionary.
1776 Thomas Jefferson writes the American Declaration of Independence.
1782 Britain abandons its American colonies.
1828 Webster publishes his American English dictionary. Late Modern English
1922 The British Broadcasting Corporation is founded.
1928 The Oxford English Dictionary is published.

Kita, Kampus dan Prestasi

by Agus rahmansyah

Kampus adalah sebuah wadah pendidikan yang cukup ideal bagi pengembangan bakat dan kreativitas. Didalam dunia kampus kita diberikan kebebasan kemana arah kita kedepan, akan tetapi berada dalam kontrol dan jalur kebenaran. Berbeda dengan masa ketika kita masih di SLTA dan sebagainya, kita masih terikat dengan berbagai regulasi yang mengikat, baik itu pada hal yang menyangkut pembelajaran maupun diluar pembelajaran.
Perubahan yang cukup cepat dari masa SLTA yang serba terikat dengan berbagai aturan kepada dunia kampus yang sedikit memiliki kebebasan berpikir terkadang tidak disikapi oleh kita dengan arif dan bijaksana. Tidak sedikit dari kita yang memiliki prestasi cemerlang dikala SLTA kemudian menjadi anjlok ketika memasuki bangku kuliah. Hal ini tentu saja menjadi sebuah pertanyaan besar bagi kita sebagai generasi muda penerus bangsa.
Perubahan yang cukup dinamis dalam kehidupan kampus terkadang berlangsung begitu cepat tanpa kita sadari. Kita cenderung kurang jeli menyikapinya. Hal yang terpenting lagi adalah kita harus mencoba menikmati jadi diri kita sendiri dalam artian yang positif, artinya bukan berarti segala yang baik menurut kita bukan berarti baik bagi orang lain dan sebaliknya. Selain itu kita juga harus lebih bersikap kritis terutama kepada diri kita sendiri. Kritis bukan berarti kita harus kontra dan mengkritisi pendapat dan kebijakan orang lain. Akan tetapi dalam posisi ini kritis dalam artian kita harus bersikap peduli terhadap apa yang terjadi dilingkungan kita. Kita harus memiliki rasa empati dan rasa kebersamaan yang tinggi. kita harus memiliki kecenderungan memiliki semangat belajar yang tinggi, karena trik dan langkah kita diperguruan tinggi ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap pencapaian prestasi kita diperguruan tinggi.
Didalam kampus kita diberi kebebasan unruk menentukan kemana arah dan tujuan kita kedepan. Bola itu ada ditangan anda, sepertinya itu sebuah ungkapan yang sering kita dengarkan dari para motivator kita. Tidak bisa dipungkiri akan kebenaran dari perkataan itu. Kita bisa melihat sebagian dari mahasiswa diperguruan tinggi ini yang cukup memaknai akan pentingnya kerja keras dalam mencapai prestasi. Hal itulah yang menjadi penyebab utama mengapa prestasi kita cenderung berbeda dari masa SLTA ke perguruan tinggi. baik itu yang mengalami peningkatan maupun yang menglami penurunan. Sekali lagi hal yang perlu diingat adalah kuliah itu tidak butuh orang pintar tetapi butuh orang yang tekun. Butuh orang-orang yang memiliki senangat maju secara totalitas dan bukan hanya dalam semangat euphoria semata. Memiliki kemauan untuk berhasil, yakin dan tidak takut gagal. Jangan pernah menyesali apa yang telah terjadi, karena sebesar apapun penyesalan itu tidak akan merubahnya kembali kekeadaan semula. Untuk itu jangan pernah menyesal mengapa anda diterima dikampus ini, buatlah ini sebagai langkah anda untuk merubah arah hidup anda dengan terus berusaha menjadi yang terbaik, karena kita tidak akan pernah tahu apa yang akan terjadi dihari esok. Kini saatnya bagi kita untuk bangkit, harapan itu masih ada dalam diri kita. Kita harus memiliki keberanian untuk berubah, seperti kata Mr. The Liang Gie Memang tidak semua perubahan akan mambawa perbaikan, tetapi tanpa perubahan tak kan ada perbaikan sama sekali. Dan untuk mengadakan perubahan itu dibutuhkan keberanian. Ada hal yang perlu kita ingat, dalam hidup ini kita ibarat berlayar, Kita memang tidak bisa merubah arah angin (Tuhan yang menetukan kemana arahnya) tapi……Kita bisa menentukan arah/posisi layar kemana tujuan yang hendak kita capai, yakni dengan usaha/ikhtiar. Usaha dan doa sangat menentukan keberhasilan kita.

Otonomi daerah, kekuasaan dan primordialisme

By agus rahmansyah

Gema pembangunan terdengar diberbagai kota dan desa dinegeri ini, dari tingkat pusat maupun daerah. Berbagai program pembangunan digalakkan dan disosialisasikan. Sungguh kemajuan yang luar biasa bila hal ini dilakukan dengan baik. Akan tetapi pengawasan yang keras perlu dilakukan, karena negeri ini sepertinya masih sulit mencari orang yang benar-benar memegang amanah dengan baik. Oleh karena itu bila pengawasan yang dilakukan pemerintah pusat maupun pihak yang berwenang maka tujuan pembangunan tidak akan terlaksana dengan maksimal.
Otonomi daerah telah dipilih oleh elite politik dan rakyat negeri ini sebagai cara terbaik untuk melakukan percepatan proses pembangungan dinegeri ini. Berbagai aturan dan perundang-undangan disusun untuk meksukseskan pelaksanaan otonomi daerah. Berbagai aturan tersebut disusun dengan harapan bahwa otonomi daerah bisa menjadi solusi terbaik dan bukan semata sebagai bentuk luapan kekecewaan daerah terhadap pusat yang kurang adil terhadap daerah.
Dengan otonomi daerah, pemerintah didaerah akan mengurus rumah tangganya sendiri. Daerah diberi kebebasan untuk mengambil kebijakan guna kemajuan daerah, dan terkadang terlihat memaksakan anggaran daerah. Hal ini karena pendapatan daerah yang didapat belum sesuai dengan pemasukan yang ada. Hal yang ironis tentu akan terjadi didaerah yang minim akan hasil bumi, hal tersebut akan membuat daerah tersebut kesulitan untuk menggenjot pendapatan daerahnya. Akan tetapi justru sebaliknya bagi daerah yang kaya akan hasil bumi, justru akan lebih diuntungkan. Untuk itu perlu adanya komunikasi aktif baik antar pemerintah daerah maupun pusat guna menanggulangi berbagai akibat dari otonomi daerah.
Otonomi daerah ini hendaknya kita jadikan sebagai cara efektif pembangunan daerah, bukan sebagai ajang perebutan kekuasaan. Wacana yang berkembang saat ini adalah tingginya semangat primordial daerah yang berlebihan, dalam artian elite yang ada didaerah cenderung membanggakan daerah masing-masing. Mereka lebih senang menonjolkan daerah masing-masing. Berbagai isu kesukuan, putera daerah dan yang berbau ras secara tidak langsung dimunculkan. Bebagai isu tersebut tentu tidak terlepas dari peran segelintir orang yang ingin mempertahankan kekuasaan. Semua itu pada akhirnya rakyat kecil juga yang akan menjadi korban.
Berbagai tuntutan pemekaran daerah saat ini cenderung hanya merupakan ulah para elit politik demi memperoleh kekuasaan, tanpa memikirkan dampak dan berbagai permasalah yang akan dihadapi. Hal terpenting saat ini adalah masalah pelayanan publik dan ketersediaan infrastruktur yang merata disetiap daerah, karena hal itu yang sebenarnya dibutuhkan rakyat. Bila hal tersebut sudah bisa dilaksanakan maka pemekaran daerah tidak perlu dilakukan, karena dengan dilakukannya pemekaran daerah tidak akan menutup kemungkinan timbulnya permasalahan beru didaerah, sepertinya masalah kepegawaian yang meliputi gaji pegawai dan anggaran pembangunan daerah. Bila semangat otonomi daerah hanya dimanfaatkan oleh para elite didaerah untuk kepentingan kekuasaan semata, maka yang akan menjadi korban kembali adalah rakyat yang hidup ditengah kemiskinan, bukan para elit politik dan kapitalis yang mengejar kekuasaan semata.
Sebagai warga negara Indonesia yang bijak, hendaknya kita menyikapi semangat otonomi daerah ini sebagai upaya pemerataaan pembangunan dan peningkatan pelayanan publik. Kita harus harus lebih arif dalam menyikapi isu-isu pemekaran daerah dari adanya peran kepentingan para elit daerah yang bermain didalamnya. Terutama kepada para generasi muda, hendaknya kita lebih bersikap kritis, bukan berarti harus mengkritik setiap kebijakan akan tetapi lebih kepada sikap peduli dan tidak mudah termanfaatkan dalam menanggapi berbagai isu tersebut. Sehingga tujuan bersama dari otonomi daerah dapat terlaksana dengan optimal.

looking for the best leader

by Agus Rahmansyah

Leader is a person who chosen for leading, if we talk about the leader exactly acquaintance with the leadership. Leadership is the relationship in which one person, or the leader, influences others to work together willingly on related task to attain that which the leader desires/ GR.TERRY in Principles of Management. And other hand leader is person and leadership is acquaintance with system in leading. in this chase was clear that we need the leader which wish keeping the relation with other person for one purpose together, because with the good relation will create those decisions which is profiting each other and deputizing all element. as the leader we may not being exclusive we have to being interaction anyone else, the leader is served, served for whoever which is required not discrimination, we do not need the leader which loud in speech but zero in action, we know that one our action is better than thousands our word, action speech louder than word.
To do all that heavy job, exactly we need the best leader, which is not narrow knowledge, having character, good morality, religious and think globally, and put the public interest over private interest as well group or faction motive. we wish capability from our leader but not popularity, besides that, the most basic matter is the action of the leader in daily who proper and appropriate with his words. We often find the leader in our country almost never consistence with their promise, did not consequence with their words, they instruct to do something that important for our country but they did not give the contribution who appropriate with their words.
The ironically in our country is still many practice of corruption, collusion and nepotism, those problem are like have been a tradition that very close in our country. We know that if the corruption still runs in our country, so our county that will get the difficulty to growth be the independent country. The corruption is the poison who indirectly could to kill the Indonesian people, especially lower class people. They always receive the effect and become the victim of corruption practice in bureaucracy. How will we improve the welfare of the lower class people if still many practice of corruption in our country.
The elite politic in center of government more like to defeat each other than more action for giving the contribution to the society directly. They always critic each other and look like bring private motive than public interest. We can not image if the leader in our country only pursuit the private motive in their politic activities. The vision to create the stabilities in this country look very hard if still many private motive in politic activities, and the end the lower class people have to be the victim of their motive. It is very crawl and look like exploitation people of people.
The problem in our country there will not finish if the elite politic still critic each other for their political position. We should realize that the people in this country still many live in the poor and hard time. They need our really action from their leader. Let’s we care to the lower class and keep out the private motive, do not make they always be the victim from the conflict of elite politic. We belief that we could judge who will proper to be a leader in our country, and they are the best leader in this country, so do not make a mistake to choose a leader. Be smart in chosing!...
thanks anyway

Fenomena Dunia akademisi

Oleh: Agus Rahmansyah

Kampus adalah sebuah wadah pendidikan akademis yang akan menghasilkan generasi terdidik, baik secara lahiriah maupun batiniah. Dewasa ini peranan pendidikan dikampus terasa semakin menunjukan eksistensinya, seperti diberikannya pendidikan secara general menuju spesifik mulai dari pangetahuan agama, pendidikan anti korupsi, anti narkoba dan berbagai bentuk pendidikan yang tujuannya memanusiakan manusia seutuhnya. Sungguh merupakan model pendidikan yang cukup komplit yang diharapkan nantinya cita-cita memanusiakan manusia seutuhnya dapat tercapai.
Saat ini kampus sedang dihadapkan pada berbagai fenomena, yang bila tidak disikapi dengan baik akan bisa membawa peranan pendidikan kampus menuju ketahap kemunduran, bukan kemajuan seperti yang kita harapkan. Fenomena ini sebenarnya cukup jelas dimata namun kita tak pernah mencoba untuk memberikan kritikan demi kemajuannya dan kita kurang tergerak untuk berbuat demi kebaikan bersama. kita bisa melihat betapa minimnya fasilitas kampus kita, mulai dari ruang kelas, sarana belajar mengajar, perpustakaan dan sebagainya. Selain minimnya fasilitas, kita juga dihadapkan pada permasalahan minimnya tenaga pengajar (Dosen) yang berkompeten sesuai dengan konsentrasi studinya. Memang sulit untuk menemukan kesempurnaan akan tetapi kesempurnaan adalah cita-cita kita bersama. Hal yang terakhir ini mungkin sudah menjadi pertanyaan para mahasiswa yakni, pernahkah anda belajar dengan Pak Profesor atau DR (Doktor bukan Dokter)? Jawabannya mungkin pernah sekali, dua kali, ataupun tidak sama sekali.
Kenyataan hari ini, kita bisa melihat sebuah kesan tentang para petinggi akademis yang cenderung mengeksklusifkan diri. Mereka yang bergelar guru besar maupun doktor cenderung lebih memilih berdiam di pasca sarjana. Kita tidak tahu permasalahannya, apakah karena pasca sarjana lebih bergengsi, mahasiswanya lebih intelek atau ada faktor lain yang menyebabkan mereka lebih dominan di pasca sarjana. Kita menyadari posisi pasca sarjana diatas jenjang pendidikan strata satu, akan tetapi kita juga menginginkan lulusan sarjana yang berkualitas, sehingga cita-cita bersama untuk memanusiakan manusia seutuhnya dapat mendekati terwujud. Sunguh ironi sekali dikampus yang telah berdiri puluhan tahun ini seorang calon sarjana dosennya juga seorang sarjana, ditambah lagi mentalitas belajar mahasiswa yang kurang termotivasi semakin membuat keadaan menjadi lebih buruk. Bila itu yang terjadi, lantas apa bedanya kita dengan SLTA, dan terkadang mereka lebih baik dai kita.
Kita menginginkan sebuah generasi yang lebih baik dari masa kemasa, dan untuk itu semua bukan tanpa usaha untuk mencapainya. Sebagai anak bangsa yang dilahirkan dari bumi pertiwi ini tentunya butuh pendidikan yang dipandang memenuhi standar minimal, meski kita bukan orang yang bervisi minimalis. Tapi inilah realita kita, setiap hari kita selalu didengungkan bait-bait tentang peningkatan standar mutu pendidikan. Berbagai model ditawarkan, akan tetapi sudahkah semua itu diimbangi oleh fasilitas penunjang? Jawabannya hanya ada dalam benak kita masing-masing karena saya yakin anda orang yang objektif.
Fasilitas bukanlah segalanya dalam dunia pendidikan, baik tingkat dasar, menengah maupun perguruan tinggi. Hal yang utama adalah semangat dan kerja keras kita, Akan tetapi apalah arti motivasi kita tanpa dibarengi oleh fasilitas pendukung. Dalam realitanya memang ada sebagaian kecil mahasiswa yang mampu menyikapi semua ini, sehingga mereka lebih cepat meroket dalam pencapaiannya dikampus. Akan tetapi apabila mereka didukung oleh fasilitas yang memadai, besar kemungkinan mereka akan memiliki banyak kesempatan yang lebih dari yang telah dicapai. Secara sederhananya kita bisa mengatakan bahwa dengan fasilitas yang minim saja mereka bisa berbuat untuk menjadi lebih baik, lalu bagaimanakah bila mereka mendapat fasilitas yang lebih baik sedikit, sungguh luar biasa bisa kita bayangkan hasilnya, bukan jaminan tapi begitulah matematikanya.
Kenyataan dihari ini tidak seperti apa yang kita harapkan. Berharap mengenyam pendidikan dengan fasilitas pendukung dan perpustakaan yang lengkap ternyata meski kita tunda atau lupakan dulu. Untuk itu, kita harus menyikapi keadaan ini dengan penuh strategi yang tepat, sesuai dengan pola masing-masing individu, karena terkadang sebuah metode belajar tidak bisa diterpakan kesemua orang. Kita harus selalu mobile untuk mencari informasi dan pengetahuan dari berbagai sumber. Kita tidak boleh hanya bergantung hanya pada fasilitas kampus yang memang sesungguhnya tidak bisa diandalkan ditengah kemajuan teknologi informasi saat ini. Apapun boleh kita lakukan untuk mendapatkan ilmu untuk kedepan yang lebih baik, baik itu dilingkungan kampus maupun diluar kampus, selagi dalam koridor kebenaran.
Mari bersama kita bangun diri kita dengan ilmu yang bermanfaat dunia dan akhirat. Kritik itu boleh, selagi dalam koridor tata krama yang sopan. Tidak selamanya kritik itu menjatukan. Karena dalam kenyataanya terkadang kritik itu perlu untuk membangun sebuah haluan baru, karena bahasa halus dan pujian cenderung membuat kita terbuai dalam kehampaan. “if there is a will, there is a way” , yakinlah bahwa anda mampu melakukan apa yang terbaik bagi diri anda.

Academic writing 04

QUESTION AND ANSWER IN DRAMA ON TEXT

By

AGUS RAHMANSYAH/BSI V A

(Nim : AI060749)

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

ADAB FACULTY

THE STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES

SULTHAN THAHA SYAIFUDDIN JAMBI 2009

1. Question: Do you think the setting and characters support the conflict of the story on the play-Death of Salesman? Why and how? Please explain your answer if you say yes or no!

Answer: yes I think the character and setting in the play support the conflict, because the character of every body in the play show the difference who significant, we can see the willy loman who always imagine to be success man, imagine the past time, and can not receive the reality in his life. Biff who decides to get out from university after he gaps his father has affair with a woman in Boston, charley who always quarrel with willy, and others character that I could not write one by one.

2. Question: What is the theme of the play-Death of salesman? What does Arthur miller wants to tell to his reader or what is this message? Please give some example to support your answer!

Answer: the theme of the play is the American Dream (the dream of American people to be successfully people), the play sent message about the importance of our work harder to get the dream and satisfied with the result and the reality in life. We can see in the play about the dream of willy that wants to be successful man but he failed although he was worked harder, and he always imagine to be success man and the successfulness of other people, he wants biff to be success man.

3. Question: What is your opinion about the plot conflict and dream, hope and trust in the death of the salesman? Please relate the message of the play!

Answer: Plot conflict in this play occurred when the Willy loman has a dream and hopes to be success man, but he failed to be success man, he has to face the trust and the reality in his life that he was not success, but he can not receive his reality life, he always imagines in the past time. So, there is a relationship between plot conflict and dream, hope and trust with the message in this play, like in the message which remember us to receive the reality in our life after work harder. As describe in this play that the Willy loman who can not receive his reality life and decides to die to give money to his family, because he thinks his family will receive money from his life insurance.

4. Question: How does Miller use of illusion and reality to support the message of the play!

Answer: in a source from internet there is statement “the illusion of becoming rich and the reality of life make the separation of his characters, and the reality of life not only breaks his dreams but also calls his life. Reality makes the tragedy, and the tragedy is the reality. Willy’s dreams are illusions, only to be shattered by the reality”[i]. Base on the statement we can see that Miller uses the illusion of loman and the reality his life that is not success and it become a tragedy, it can support the message of his play, that is meant that the reality not always like our dream. The dream still only illusion, we can make it to be real but also only being illusion, depend on our efforts.

5. Question: What is the plot of the story of Cherry Orchard? Where is the climax of the story and what happened? Please give your reason!

Answer: The exposition of this play occurred when the Ranevsky family go back to rusia (in act I). The complication occurred when Lopakhin persuades madam ranevsky to sell the orchard to an aristocrat (act II). The climax occurred in act three, when lopakhin will buy the cherry orchard from Mrs. Ranevsky, it is a big thing that never imagine by upper class that lower class like lopakhin could buy the estate of orchard, Lopakhin as the symbol revolution lower class in Russia society. The falling down occurred in act III, when madam Ranevsky shock because the buyer of orchard is lopakhin, the son of his ex-peasant, and the resolution occurred in act V, when madam Ranevsky decide to go back to France after get the money from selling the orchard.

6. Question: How does Chekhov describe woman character in the play? What is the role of the woman in the plays? And what do you think about the way Chekhov describes women role or image?

Answer: The woman character described as the aristocrat or upper class people. The woman characters as the owner the estate or cherry orchard, and always assumes the lower class as the servant who always works for the upper class. I think it is the way of Chekhov to describe the position of upper class in Russia society as the employer and lower class as the servant or worker, because at the time was occurred the revolution from the lower class to get the sameness right in structure society in Russia.

7. Question: How does Chekhov uses of history and social life to support the message of the play?

Answer: In a source from internet there is a statement “One of the main themes of the play is the effect social change has on people. The emancipation of the serfs on 19 February 1861 by Alexander II allowed former serfs to gain wealth and status while some aristocrats were becoming impoverished, unable to tend their estates without the cheap labor of slavery. The effect of these reforms were still being felt when Chekhov was writing forty years after the mass emancipation”[ii]. It is indication that this play occurred when the revolution of Russia, the lower classes want the emancipation or the sameness right between upper class and lower class people. At that time there was social change in society, in where the former serfs can be wealthy people same with aristocrats, as describe in lopakhin who being rich and buy the cherry orchard from aristocrat, Mrs. Ranevsky. So the play also talk it was time for revolution.

8. Question: Is it significant that the attitudes, weakness, and vices of the upper-class are often reflected or mirrored in corresponding features of their servants? What are the same examples? What does that suggest?

Answer: In this play the upper class people always assume that the lower class as their object, and lower people. We can see that madam Ranevsky as the upper class people always assumes that lopakhin as the lower class always be lower class and can not to be a wealthy man, but lopakhin who is a symbol a revolution lower class people and the end to be a successful man who can buy the cherry orchard. It suggest that everything is possible, and lower class always try to be success people and who is not work harder will not leave by another people, because upper class and lower class are same as human being.

9. Question: Explain the advantages and disadvantages of stage performance on life is Beautiful!

Answer: The advantages of the stage performance on life is beautiful is very much, we can learn about the struggle in life, we can know for live is not easy. We must sacrifice whatever our mine for life and also successfully and happiness, even we may sacrifice our body and soul for the happiness and successfulness. We can see in this movie how bigger the sacrificing of Guido for his son and his family, he always make happily situation although he was sad. But the disadvantages of the stage performance is, it can generate or pep out again a racism issue and remembered again about the cruel of Germany people/Nazi to Jews.

10. Question: Is the movie-Life is beautiful-principally a comedy or tragedy? Please give some example to support your answer!

Answer: The movie of Life is Beautiful principally comedy and tragedy movie, because almost in every event in the movie always show the comedic situation although in tragic situation, such as Guido who always make a comedic to his son, especially when in the camp, he talks to his son that it is a game, or when the first meeting Guido and Dora, and in school, it is show a comedic, etc.

11. Question: Discuss the unique aspects of Guido’s and Dora’s courtship and marriage! Why does this partnership between two seemingly opposite individual work so well?

Answer: Guido and Dora come from difference original, Guido is Jew but Dora is Italian, but they both can coalesce as couple married. There are unique aspects, such as the first meeting between Dora and Guido, as we know Dora falls from upstairs when Guido in the bottom, it is a suddenly meeting. Guido often says good morning princess when they meet. When they go back from the theatre, also there are events suddenly; one of the events is, when the fashion of Guido all wet, Dora prays to Marry in order to send some one to give the dry hat for Guido. When Guido rides a horse to bring Dora go out from the party, also unique. Because before it occurred the cake was write with good morning princess, this word remember Dora about Guido, and the horse who written about insulting to Jews is used by Guido to fetch Dora, and then they married. Guido is smart man and always uses the situation and gets the opportunities.

12. Question: The first half of the film is peppered with references to the horrible events to come. Describe several of these and analyze Guido’s attitude towards them. Are there clues that speak to how he will eventually handle being put into concentration camp?

Answer: when at the first in camp Guido claim that everything is well and he talks to his son that it is a game, he always makes his son belief that it is a game, even when the army comes to describe about the rule in camp, he did not explain about the truth, besides he can not translate the army language, but only make his son belief that it is game and who win will get the reward a tank after collect the one thousand point.

13. Question: When Giousue says that he wants to leave the camp, how does Guido react? Please give some example to support your answer!

Answer: Guido explains to his son that is going rain, but his son does not care. Guido also talk to his son that they were in the first place and get the nearly 687 point, but if his son want to go, “we can leave anytime”, Guido said. He always makes his son believe that it is a game, he says to his friend in the camp about the tank and pity if have to go and the end Giousue cancel to go, because it is going rain.

14. Question: What is your opinion about the pursuit happiness movie? Please support your answer with events from the movie!

Answer: I think this movie it’s wonderful that I know, and also this movie has the educative values. We can see when Chris Gardner has the interview in Dean Witter Company, he shows the good attitude and regards him self with high confidence, he explains about him self who want joint to this company with honesty. I think it is very important in a job interview, because we often think that we tend to be a un brave people when passing the job interview. Besides that the live struggling of Gardner makes we have the new spirit in facing the live which full with the struggling. In this film there is an event which make me think about the importance to keep our dream, such as when Chris advice his son if has a dream in order to keep and protect the dream. This film also one of the describing of the American dream, (in an encyclopedia online explains that Happyness essentially was a story about achieving the American Dream, a concept understood better by foreigners than Americans themselves)[iii], as we know the American dream is the dream of American people to successfulness and happiness people, we can see in this film when Chris Gardner in front of Dean Witter company, he sees every people look with happy demy face, so, Chris get the obsession to pursuit the happiness.

15. Question: Give your opinion about happiness and successfulness! Please give some example to support your answer!

Answer: Nowadays, the happiness and successfulness to be a dream for everyone who lives, not only in America but also in the world, but to get the happiness and successfulness are not easy like returning our palm, we should work harder and having the commitment to get it. Everything will not come without our action. We can see the example in the movie of pursuit of happiness, in this movie explains about Chris Gardner who should work harder to get the happiness and successfulness, keep his son and struggling to get the chance as a stock broker in Dean Witter, and in the end of the story he gets it.

16. Question: “There was a man who was downing, and a boat come, and the man on the boat said “Do you need help?” and the man said “God will save me”. Then another boat came and he tried to help him, but he said “God will save me”, then he drowned and went to heaven. Then the man told to God, “God why didn’t you save me?” and God said “I sent you two boats, you dummy!”

That is the story who Gardner tells to his son. Give your opinion about that!

Answer: I think the decision of the man is a mistake. God will save us, but we must have efforts to save ourselves or doing something that important to save ourselves. In daily life we have obligation for praying to God but we also have obligation for work harder to get something that being our dream. We may not only pray but also we must have efforts to get something. The both must be balance in our life, praying and doing must be runs together, because it is the key for success to get the happiness.

17. Question: Explain the relationship between the music and plot the movie-Pursuit of Happiness!

Answer: There is a relationship between the music with every event in the plot of pursuit happiness movie, when the calm situation; the music is slow, when the convulsive situation; the music more hard or fast, all the music are appropriate with the plot where the event occured. Such as when Chris read a book in morning; the music is slow, when he runs from the prison to Dean Witter office for interview; the music more fast, or when he go back from the dean Witter after he receive as a broker, the music slow and show a successfully condition after struggling, and so on.

18. Question: Do you think Pursuit of Happiness and Life is Beautiful have similarity? Please explain your answer if you say yes or not!

Answer: making a similarity in setting which is difference is difficult, but in this case I will say yes there is similarity both. I have reasons why I say yes, we can see the film explain about the successfully or happiness to a dream of everyone. By the implied meaning the both film have the similarity, we can see everybody must hard worker and sacrifice everything for the happiness, and they enjoy the process to get the happiness or successfully. Beside that, the main character in both film always show the happy position although in grievous condition. And also has a son. At the beginning of the Life is Beautiful movie there is a statement about the happiness, and in the film of pursuit of happiness also there is a statement from the narrator who say that Thomas Jefferson who claim about the happiness when he decelerates the America.

Bibliography

Internet

http://www.helium.com/items/1174356-illusion-versus-reality-death-of-a-salesman by sweetsmile. [ Accessed on Monday, January 19^th, 2009, at 09.10 Am ]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard/ . [ Accessed on Monday, January 19^th, 2009, at 09.21 Am]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happyness. [ Accessed on Saturday, January 10^th, 2009, at 09.57 Am ]

End Notes

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[i] Available in http://www.helium.com/items/1174356-illusion-versus-reality-death-of-a-salesman by sweetsmile. accessed on Monday, January 19^th, 2009, at 09.10 Am.

[ii]Available in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cherry_Orchard/ . Accessed on Monday, 09.21. Am. January 19^th, 2009

[iii] Available in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happyness. Accessed on Saturday, January 10^th, 2009, at 09.57 am.